The prevalence of bacterial contamination in donated blood in Dar es salaam, Tanzania

Blood transfusion services are required to provide blood and components which are safe in cost effective way for transfusion into patients who require the blood products. This study aims to determine the prevalence of bacterial contamination and the antimicrobial resistance pattern in collected blood in Eastern zone blood transfusion centre. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Eastern Zone Blood Transfusion Services located at Mchikichini, Ilala District, in Dar es Salaam. Stored whole blood bags were selected from the refrigerator containing 500 blood bags using a simple random sampling technique. About 384 blood bags were randomly picked for study, each blood bag was given an ID number (1-500), and a table of random numbers was used to select the 384 donated blood bags. Culture was done on different media; isolates were identified using standard biochemical and bacteriological methods. Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing according to existing guidelines of CLSI. Data entry and analysis were performed using EpiInfo 3.5.1. About 11 (2.8%) were found to have bacterial contamination, of which 9 (2.3%) were gram positive cocci and 2 (0.5%) gram positive rods. The bacterial isolates were about 7 (63.6%) coagulase negative staphylococci identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis and 2 (18.2%) were micro cocci identified as M.luteus and bacilli species identified as Corynebacterium diphtheroids. Sensitivity among the organisms were varied; as all the 11 (100%) of the organisms isolated were sensitive to amikacin, of which 7 (100%) Staphylococcus epidermidis were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamycine, cefriaxone, erythromycin and co-trimoxazole. Gram positive rods were tested against erythromycin and Gentamycine; where 100% were sensitive to Gentamycine and (60.5%) were sensitive to erythromycin. M.luteus were tested against ceftriaxone and gentamycin had (98%) and (97.5%) sensitivity to these antibiotics respectively. Gram positive rods showed (100%) resistant to ampicilin, cotrimoxazole and tetracycline The isolates obtained in the donated blood are skin associated organisms and are considered as contaminants related to procedure during donor bleeding or taking sample for culture

Factors Affecting the Implementation of Human Rights Protection Programmes in Tanzanian Mining Companies: The Case of Geita Gold Mining Ltd.

The main purpose of the study is to examine the factors affecting the implementation of human rights protection programmes in Tanzanian Mining Companies based at Geita Gold Mining Ltd. The study was based on theory of right and three objectives namely; to identify the organisational factors that lead to company leadership’s ineffectiveness in protecting workers rights at Geita Gold Mining Ltd, to examine the human right protection knowledge factors among HR leaders in managing socio-economic rights of workers at Geita gold Mining Ltd and to examine the corruption practices factors among HR leaders at Geita Gold Mining Ltd in relation to delivery of effective human rights protection. The survey research design and mixed approaches using concurrent method. Data collection methods were: semi structured interview, questionnaires, and documentary reviews. Findings showed that 61.3 percent of the organisational factors such as threats lead to company leadership’s ineffectiveness in protecting workers rights in the mines. It was found that 81.7 percent of HR lack of human right protection knowledge in managing socio-economic rights of workers. Likewise, corruption among HR leaders was related to their ineffectiveness in human rights protection. This study concludes that company leadership affect human rights protection in Tanzania mines. Therefore, the study recommends that the Tanzanian government should ensure that effective human rights protection at Tanzanian mines is being implemented. Also, mine managements should be equipped with human right protection knowledge in managing rights of workers. Moreover, in the event of corruption practices by mine managements there should immediate stern measures in line with the provisions of the Tanzanian laws to control corruption